Page 64 - ePaper
P. 64
Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2014
Across the EU as a whole, there is little economic downturns (European Com- healthcare is much greater among the
evidence that the recession as such led to mission, 2013, Marmot et al. 2013). unemployed than among the employed.
any major change as regards young peo- Eurofound (2014, forthcoming) also
-
ple living with their parents (see Chart 36) Chart 37 shows that, in many Mem- identified situations in which peo
although there have been substantial ber States, the unmet need for ple lost access to healthcare during
increases (e.g. + 4 percentage points) in
the proportion of young people living with Chart 36: Access to autonomy: changes in the share of young people
their parents in Ireland, Spain, and Greece living with their parents (2004 –13), in percentage points
since 2008. Qualitative research shows
that people sometimes have had no other 12
choice than to rely on family solidarity 10 Recent decrease Recent increase
(see Annex 3, Extract 4). 8 6
3.3. Impact on health 4
and access to healthcare pp change (2004-13) 2 0
The potential long-term impact of the -2
crisis on health determinants (i.e., unem - -4 2004-08
ployment, quality of work, precarious liv - -6 2008-13
ing conditions) is threatening to increase -8
health inequalities between social groups -10 SE BG CZ BE SI DE RO EE PL LT HU FI SK DK MT NL LV LU AT IT UK HR PT FR EL ES IE CY EU-28
and Member States. There is extensive
research documenting the negative Source: Social Situation Monitor, based on LFS data.
impact of economic hardship on the
health status of individuals, which in a Chart 37: Unmet need for healthcare by employment status
recession may be further exacerbated by 30
greater difficulties in accessing or paying
for healthcare. 25 Employed persons
Unemployed persons
Many studies report that, during reces- 20
sions, individuals are more likely to suf-
fer from depression and stress (Cooper, % 15
2011). Otterbach (2014) also reports, on 10
the basis of long-lasting panel data, that
being unemployed or insecure in one’s 5
job has a strong negative effect on life
satisfaction and health. 0
IE SI CZ ES UK DK AT LT NL HR LU MT SK FI BE EU-28 SE HU FR DE PT CY PL IT EL EE RO BG LV
OECD (2014d) also notes evidence of a Source: EU-SILC, Eurostat. Unmet need for healthcare is measured as the share of individuals
possible link between the economic crisis renouncing healthcare because of: cost, i.e. the person cannot afford to pay for it (too expensive); the
1
and obesity. Many families, especially in waiting list; or distance or means of transportation ( ).
the worst hit countries, have been forced ( ) This definition also applies to the European Core Health Indicator (ECHI) on Equity of access to
1
to cut food consumption or to switch to healthcare service (ECHI 80) for total population and by educational level.
lower-priced and less healthy foods.
Brenner (2013) identified unemploy - Chart 38: Correlation of real expenditure per capita on sickness,
ment as an important risk factor for healthcare, disability and unmet healthcare needs, 2007–11
heart disease mortality at the start of the
2008/9 recession. Stuckler et al. 2011, 4 LV FI
Reeves et al. 2012 reports a higher sui-
cide rate during recessions. In Italy, the EL IT ES FR DK MT CY BE SK PL
suicide rate increased by 10 % among 0 HU CZ AT LU IE
men younger than 65 between 2006 and in unmet healthcare need 2 UK SI NL RO
-2
2010, with an increase by 25 % within Percentage points change (2007-11) SE EE DE
70
the 50–54 age group ( ). -4 LT
The harmful and hazardous use of -6
alcohol and other substances are also -8
key factors in the development of -10 PT BG
social and health inequalities in the -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35 45 55
EU, influenced by unemployment and Growth (2007-11) in real public expenditure per capita in sickness and disability, %
70
( ) Source: Eurostat, Causes of death — Source: ESSPROS for expenditure in sickness, healthcare and disability and EU-SILC, Eurostat for unmet
crude death rate per 100 000 inhabitants need for healthcare.
[hlth_cd_acdr].
62
Across the EU as a whole, there is little economic downturns (European Com- healthcare is much greater among the
evidence that the recession as such led to mission, 2013, Marmot et al. 2013). unemployed than among the employed.
any major change as regards young peo- Eurofound (2014, forthcoming) also
-
ple living with their parents (see Chart 36) Chart 37 shows that, in many Mem- identified situations in which peo
although there have been substantial ber States, the unmet need for ple lost access to healthcare during
increases (e.g. + 4 percentage points) in
the proportion of young people living with Chart 36: Access to autonomy: changes in the share of young people
their parents in Ireland, Spain, and Greece living with their parents (2004 –13), in percentage points
since 2008. Qualitative research shows
that people sometimes have had no other 12
choice than to rely on family solidarity 10 Recent decrease Recent increase
(see Annex 3, Extract 4). 8 6
3.3. Impact on health 4
and access to healthcare pp change (2004-13) 2 0
The potential long-term impact of the -2
crisis on health determinants (i.e., unem - -4 2004-08
ployment, quality of work, precarious liv - -6 2008-13
ing conditions) is threatening to increase -8
health inequalities between social groups -10 SE BG CZ BE SI DE RO EE PL LT HU FI SK DK MT NL LV LU AT IT UK HR PT FR EL ES IE CY EU-28
and Member States. There is extensive
research documenting the negative Source: Social Situation Monitor, based on LFS data.
impact of economic hardship on the
health status of individuals, which in a Chart 37: Unmet need for healthcare by employment status
recession may be further exacerbated by 30
greater difficulties in accessing or paying
for healthcare. 25 Employed persons
Unemployed persons
Many studies report that, during reces- 20
sions, individuals are more likely to suf-
fer from depression and stress (Cooper, % 15
2011). Otterbach (2014) also reports, on 10
the basis of long-lasting panel data, that
being unemployed or insecure in one’s 5
job has a strong negative effect on life
satisfaction and health. 0
IE SI CZ ES UK DK AT LT NL HR LU MT SK FI BE EU-28 SE HU FR DE PT CY PL IT EL EE RO BG LV
OECD (2014d) also notes evidence of a Source: EU-SILC, Eurostat. Unmet need for healthcare is measured as the share of individuals
possible link between the economic crisis renouncing healthcare because of: cost, i.e. the person cannot afford to pay for it (too expensive); the
1
and obesity. Many families, especially in waiting list; or distance or means of transportation ( ).
the worst hit countries, have been forced ( ) This definition also applies to the European Core Health Indicator (ECHI) on Equity of access to
1
to cut food consumption or to switch to healthcare service (ECHI 80) for total population and by educational level.
lower-priced and less healthy foods.
Brenner (2013) identified unemploy - Chart 38: Correlation of real expenditure per capita on sickness,
ment as an important risk factor for healthcare, disability and unmet healthcare needs, 2007–11
heart disease mortality at the start of the
2008/9 recession. Stuckler et al. 2011, 4 LV FI
Reeves et al. 2012 reports a higher sui-
cide rate during recessions. In Italy, the EL IT ES FR DK MT CY BE SK PL
suicide rate increased by 10 % among 0 HU CZ AT LU IE
men younger than 65 between 2006 and in unmet healthcare need 2 UK SI NL RO
-2
2010, with an increase by 25 % within Percentage points change (2007-11) SE EE DE
70
the 50–54 age group ( ). -4 LT
The harmful and hazardous use of -6
alcohol and other substances are also -8
key factors in the development of -10 PT BG
social and health inequalities in the -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35 45 55
EU, influenced by unemployment and Growth (2007-11) in real public expenditure per capita in sickness and disability, %
70
( ) Source: Eurostat, Causes of death — Source: ESSPROS for expenditure in sickness, healthcare and disability and EU-SILC, Eurostat for unmet
crude death rate per 100 000 inhabitants need for healthcare.
[hlth_cd_acdr].
62
