Page 29 - ePaper
P. 29
Job creation, productivity and more equality for sustained growth
The labour market situation of women Chart 24: Gender gaps narrowed during the crisis,
and older workers will be analysed in mainly as men were hit harder
further detail.
30
2012
A second group consists of third-country 2006
nationals, workers with a low level of 20
education (ISCED 0-2), and young people 10
aged 20 to 24 years, who already lagged
behind the average in 2002 and have 0
performed weaker than average since.
-10
Compared to the overall average in
2013, the employment rate of national -20
workers is 0.5 pp higher, while the rate -30
of foreign workers is 6.5 pps lower. Activity rate Empl. rate Share part-time Pay Full-time
Among foreign workers, a large divide equivalent
empl. rate
has opened up between foreigners from Source: Eurostat, lfsa_argan, lfsa_ergan, fsa_eppgan, lfsa_urgan, earn_gr_gpgr2, lfsa_ewhuna
another EU Member State (2.5 pps above and lfsa_ewhun2.
the average) and third-country nationals Note: The gap is the figure for males minus the corresponding figure for females. The pay gap is 2008
(more than 12 pps below). and 2011.
The skills of third-country nationals before the crisis and, during the crisis, the Although Member States perform differ -
residing in the EU are very much under- employment rate of women remained ently in terms of hours worked by men
used, in particular in the case of women. stable while it declined significantly for and women, there are some different
Since 2008, the employment rate gap men ( ). patterns: in some cases a high share
60
between third-country nationals and of women are working but for relatively
-
national citizens has widened, espe The crisis actually resulted in a reduc- short hours; in others female participa-
cially in medium-skilled and high-skilled tion in the gender gap on various criteria tion is lower but, once in employment,
categories, noting also that many third- (see Chart 24). However, the underly- women tend to work relatively longer
country nationals are over-qualified for ing gender differences persisted in hours. Relatively few Member States
the jobs they perform ( ). terms of labour market participation, succeed in combining high female
59
pay and the risk of poverty. Moreover, employment rates with a low gender
The third group includes all other groups since women tend to accumulate fewer gap in terms of the total number of
of workers, who had above-average total hours over their working lives than hours worked.
employment rates in 2002, but have men, the total gender employment gap
not improved since. In almost all cases is larger than the simple comparison of Factors that have been identified that
(the exception being ISCED 3-4) the employment rates suggests. Moreover, allow a combination of high participation
2013 employment rate was below its although this gap has narrowed dur- and longer hours for women are gen-
2002 level, while remaining above the ing the crisis years, it is still high and der-equal working time, widely available
overall average. persistent ( ). flexible work and employment-friendly,
61
accessible and affordable childcare with
For male workers, the above-average While the lower rates of female labour longer day-care hours ( ).
62
decline since 2008 reflects the fact that participation can reflect individual pref-
men are over-represented in sectors such erences and be associated with some Older workers: active ageing
as construction and manufacturing which favourable effects, it still leads to
were particularly hit in the recession. diminished career opportunities, lower Despite the success in raising the employ -
pay, lower prospective pensions and ment rate of older workers over the last
Gender and labour market an underutilisation of human capital, decade to close to 50 %, achieving the
participation: fewer and worse resulting in lower GDP. Many societal target overall employment rate of 75 %
jobs for women or institutional barriers and constraints for workers of all ages by 2020 depends
remain to be tackled in this respect and in part on sustained progress in this age
While women have historically experi- such structural labour market and social group given that the working population
enced unfavourable labour market (and inclusion challenges may harm both in the EU is projected to age significantly
social) outcomes compared to men, as the supply and demand side of the EU in the coming decades which will pose
reflected in persistent gender gaps on labour market. a major challenge to the sustainability
various criteria, women contributed more
60
than two-thirds of the total growth in ( ) When leaving out the sectors of agriculture,
mining, manufacturing and construction,
employment in the EU in the decade employment of both genders grew at about
the same pace between 2010 and 2013.
59
( ) See ‘Special Focus: Labour Market Situation From 2008 to 2010, employment of women
of Migrants’ in European Commission in this aggregate grew 0.8 %, while it was ( ) See European social partners’ agreement
62
(2011b), Supplement ‘Recent trends in the stable for men. on parental leave http://ec.europa.eu/social/
61
geographical mobility of workers in the EU’ ( ) See also Chapter 3, ‘The gender impact of main.jsp?catId=521&langId=en&agreemen
in European Commission (2014b) and OECD/ the crisis and the gap in total hours worked’ tId=5129, implemented by Council Directive
European Union (2014). in European Commission (2014a). 2010/18/EU.
27
The labour market situation of women Chart 24: Gender gaps narrowed during the crisis,
and older workers will be analysed in mainly as men were hit harder
further detail.
30
2012
A second group consists of third-country 2006
nationals, workers with a low level of 20
education (ISCED 0-2), and young people 10
aged 20 to 24 years, who already lagged
behind the average in 2002 and have 0
performed weaker than average since.
-10
Compared to the overall average in
2013, the employment rate of national -20
workers is 0.5 pp higher, while the rate -30
of foreign workers is 6.5 pps lower. Activity rate Empl. rate Share part-time Pay Full-time
Among foreign workers, a large divide equivalent
empl. rate
has opened up between foreigners from Source: Eurostat, lfsa_argan, lfsa_ergan, fsa_eppgan, lfsa_urgan, earn_gr_gpgr2, lfsa_ewhuna
another EU Member State (2.5 pps above and lfsa_ewhun2.
the average) and third-country nationals Note: The gap is the figure for males minus the corresponding figure for females. The pay gap is 2008
(more than 12 pps below). and 2011.
The skills of third-country nationals before the crisis and, during the crisis, the Although Member States perform differ -
residing in the EU are very much under- employment rate of women remained ently in terms of hours worked by men
used, in particular in the case of women. stable while it declined significantly for and women, there are some different
Since 2008, the employment rate gap men ( ). patterns: in some cases a high share
60
between third-country nationals and of women are working but for relatively
-
national citizens has widened, espe The crisis actually resulted in a reduc- short hours; in others female participa-
cially in medium-skilled and high-skilled tion in the gender gap on various criteria tion is lower but, once in employment,
categories, noting also that many third- (see Chart 24). However, the underly- women tend to work relatively longer
country nationals are over-qualified for ing gender differences persisted in hours. Relatively few Member States
the jobs they perform ( ). terms of labour market participation, succeed in combining high female
59
pay and the risk of poverty. Moreover, employment rates with a low gender
The third group includes all other groups since women tend to accumulate fewer gap in terms of the total number of
of workers, who had above-average total hours over their working lives than hours worked.
employment rates in 2002, but have men, the total gender employment gap
not improved since. In almost all cases is larger than the simple comparison of Factors that have been identified that
(the exception being ISCED 3-4) the employment rates suggests. Moreover, allow a combination of high participation
2013 employment rate was below its although this gap has narrowed dur- and longer hours for women are gen-
2002 level, while remaining above the ing the crisis years, it is still high and der-equal working time, widely available
overall average. persistent ( ). flexible work and employment-friendly,
61
accessible and affordable childcare with
For male workers, the above-average While the lower rates of female labour longer day-care hours ( ).
62
decline since 2008 reflects the fact that participation can reflect individual pref-
men are over-represented in sectors such erences and be associated with some Older workers: active ageing
as construction and manufacturing which favourable effects, it still leads to
were particularly hit in the recession. diminished career opportunities, lower Despite the success in raising the employ -
pay, lower prospective pensions and ment rate of older workers over the last
Gender and labour market an underutilisation of human capital, decade to close to 50 %, achieving the
participation: fewer and worse resulting in lower GDP. Many societal target overall employment rate of 75 %
jobs for women or institutional barriers and constraints for workers of all ages by 2020 depends
remain to be tackled in this respect and in part on sustained progress in this age
While women have historically experi- such structural labour market and social group given that the working population
enced unfavourable labour market (and inclusion challenges may harm both in the EU is projected to age significantly
social) outcomes compared to men, as the supply and demand side of the EU in the coming decades which will pose
reflected in persistent gender gaps on labour market. a major challenge to the sustainability
various criteria, women contributed more
60
than two-thirds of the total growth in ( ) When leaving out the sectors of agriculture,
mining, manufacturing and construction,
employment in the EU in the decade employment of both genders grew at about
the same pace between 2010 and 2013.
59
( ) See ‘Special Focus: Labour Market Situation From 2008 to 2010, employment of women
of Migrants’ in European Commission in this aggregate grew 0.8 %, while it was ( ) See European social partners’ agreement
62
(2011b), Supplement ‘Recent trends in the stable for men. on parental leave http://ec.europa.eu/social/
61
geographical mobility of workers in the EU’ ( ) See also Chapter 3, ‘The gender impact of main.jsp?catId=521&langId=en&agreemen
in European Commission (2014b) and OECD/ the crisis and the gap in total hours worked’ tId=5129, implemented by Council Directive
European Union (2014). in European Commission (2014a). 2010/18/EU.
27
