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Chapter 2: Investing in human capital and responding to long-term societal challenges
Chart 8: Disadvantaged children have more access to childcare in the northern EU Member States
Use of childcare and social gradients in access to childcare across Member States (2011)
0.9 0.35
0.8 RO PL HR IE FR NL 0.30 HR IE BE FR NL
Measure of social gradient based on maternal education 0.6 SK BG HU MT AT LV EE CY DE IT FI PT UK SI ES BE LU SE DK Measure of social gradient based on household income distribution 0.20 RO PL CZ HU AT EL FI IT UK PT SI ES LU SE DK
0.7
0.25
LT
CZ
EL
0.5
0.15
0.4
0.10
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.1
0 -0.05 0 SK BG LT MT LV EE CY DE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Use of formal childcare (0-2), % Use of formal childcare (0-2), %
Source: Social Situation Monitor for DG EMPL, work in progress.
Note: The social gradient based on education is a modified concentration index based on maternal education levels and the social gradient based on income
is a rank correlation based on income position.
The main reasons for low use of the Barcelona target ( ), such as Slovakia, — problems linked to a lack of physical
46
childcare across the Member States Poland, Croatia or Estonia, the duration access, distance, inadequate opening
vary over a long duration of parental of maternity leave is among the highest hours or eligibility criteria. The Eurofound
43
leave ( ); excessive cost of childcare; a in Europe. In Croatia, Romania, Latvia, Quality of Life Survey reports access prob -
disincentive tax-benefit system ( ) (for Greece and the United Kingdom, a large lems due to distance or opening hours in
44
lone parents or second earners); and share of those persons with care respon- Greece, France, Romania, Poland and the
the quality, accessibility (e.g. proximity, sibility is inactive or involuntarily works Czech Republic. Availability, because of
opening hours) and availability (wait- part-time because of a lack of support waiting lists or lack of services, can also
ing list, lack of services) of childcare services. In other Member States, such as restrict the use of childcare. However, the
45
(Table 2) ( ). Ireland, Slovakia or Malta, the high cost of extent of such difficulties also depends
childcare associated with inactivity traps on national circumstances with the
Improving the use of childcare at the for low earners are a major obstacle. Netherlands and Hungary both reporting
national level requires greater aware - similar levels of difficulty in accessing
ness of the different obstacles, which Difficulties in accessing quality child- childcare services, even though usage of
might differ across Member States. In care are reported in Greece, Romania, childcare differs considerably between
some of the countries currently below Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Italy and Spain these countries.
( ) With Barcelona targets, the EU wanted to
46
provide childcare by 2010 to at least 90 %
( ) Long parental leave can also be a of children between 3 years of age and
43
compensatory measure due to lack of the mandatory school age, and to at least
adequate infrastructure. 33 % of children under 3 years of age. They
were set in 2002 at the Barcelona European
( ) Removing or reducing distortionary income Council. Reaching those targets should
44
taxes and social security contributions also remove disincentives to female labour
stimulates the labour market participation of force participation. Presidency Conclusions,
low-qualified individuals and boosts incentives Barcelona European Council, 15&16
to invest in education and training for them March 2002, http://www.consilium.europa.
(see, for instance, Booth and Coles 2007). eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/
( ) European Commission (2013a). ec/71025.pdf.
45
111
Chart 8: Disadvantaged children have more access to childcare in the northern EU Member States
Use of childcare and social gradients in access to childcare across Member States (2011)
0.9 0.35
0.8 RO PL HR IE FR NL 0.30 HR IE BE FR NL
Measure of social gradient based on maternal education 0.6 SK BG HU MT AT LV EE CY DE IT FI PT UK SI ES BE LU SE DK Measure of social gradient based on household income distribution 0.20 RO PL CZ HU AT EL FI IT UK PT SI ES LU SE DK
0.7
0.25
LT
CZ
EL
0.5
0.15
0.4
0.10
0.3
0.05
0.2
0.1
0 -0.05 0 SK BG LT MT LV EE CY DE
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Use of formal childcare (0-2), % Use of formal childcare (0-2), %
Source: Social Situation Monitor for DG EMPL, work in progress.
Note: The social gradient based on education is a modified concentration index based on maternal education levels and the social gradient based on income
is a rank correlation based on income position.
The main reasons for low use of the Barcelona target ( ), such as Slovakia, — problems linked to a lack of physical
46
childcare across the Member States Poland, Croatia or Estonia, the duration access, distance, inadequate opening
vary over a long duration of parental of maternity leave is among the highest hours or eligibility criteria. The Eurofound
43
leave ( ); excessive cost of childcare; a in Europe. In Croatia, Romania, Latvia, Quality of Life Survey reports access prob -
disincentive tax-benefit system ( ) (for Greece and the United Kingdom, a large lems due to distance or opening hours in
44
lone parents or second earners); and share of those persons with care respon- Greece, France, Romania, Poland and the
the quality, accessibility (e.g. proximity, sibility is inactive or involuntarily works Czech Republic. Availability, because of
opening hours) and availability (wait- part-time because of a lack of support waiting lists or lack of services, can also
ing list, lack of services) of childcare services. In other Member States, such as restrict the use of childcare. However, the
45
(Table 2) ( ). Ireland, Slovakia or Malta, the high cost of extent of such difficulties also depends
childcare associated with inactivity traps on national circumstances with the
Improving the use of childcare at the for low earners are a major obstacle. Netherlands and Hungary both reporting
national level requires greater aware - similar levels of difficulty in accessing
ness of the different obstacles, which Difficulties in accessing quality child- childcare services, even though usage of
might differ across Member States. In care are reported in Greece, Romania, childcare differs considerably between
some of the countries currently below Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia, Italy and Spain these countries.
( ) With Barcelona targets, the EU wanted to
46
provide childcare by 2010 to at least 90 %
( ) Long parental leave can also be a of children between 3 years of age and
43
compensatory measure due to lack of the mandatory school age, and to at least
adequate infrastructure. 33 % of children under 3 years of age. They
were set in 2002 at the Barcelona European
( ) Removing or reducing distortionary income Council. Reaching those targets should
44
taxes and social security contributions also remove disincentives to female labour
stimulates the labour market participation of force participation. Presidency Conclusions,
low-qualified individuals and boosts incentives Barcelona European Council, 15&16
to invest in education and training for them March 2002, http://www.consilium.europa.
(see, for instance, Booth and Coles 2007). eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/
( ) European Commission (2013a). ec/71025.pdf.
45
111
